Bright Skills

                                                     In packet switched  networks such as the internet, a router is a device or, in some cases, software on a computer, that determines the best way for a packet  to be forwarded to its destination. A router connects networks. Based on its current understanding of the state of the network it is connected to, a router acts as a dispatcher as it decides which way to send each information packet. A router is located at any gateway  (where one network meets another), including each point of presence  on the internet. A router is often included as part of a network switch. How does a router work? A router may create or maintain a table of the available routes and their conditions and use this information along with distance and cost algorithms to determine the best route for a given packet. Typically, a packet may travel through a number of network points with routers before arriving at its destination. Routing is a function asso

          Network Gateway                                  Definition :    A  network gateway  is an  internetworking  system capable of joining together two networks that use different base protocols. A network gateway can be implemented completely in software, completely in hardware, or as a combination of both. Depending on the types of protocols they support, network gateways can operate at any level of the  OSI model . Because a network gateway, by definition, appears at the edge of a network, related capabilities like  firewalls  tend to be integrated with it. On  home networks , a  broadband router  typically serves as the network gateway although ordinary computers can also be configured to perform equivalent functions. Definition of Default Gateway and How to Find The Device's IP Address A default gateway is used to allow devices in one network to communicate with devices in another network. If your computer, for example, is requesting an

                                                                   Switch                                         Definition - What does  Switch  mean? A switch, in the context of networking is a high-speed device that receives incoming data packets and redirects them to their destination on a local area network (LAN). A LAN switch operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) or the network layer of the OSI Model and, as such it can support all types of packet protocols. Essentially, switches are the traffic cops of a simple local area network Explanation :. A switch in an Ethernet-based LAN reads incoming TCP/IP data packets/frames containing destination information as they pass into one or more input ports. The destination information in the packets is used to determine which output ports will be used to send the data on to its intended destination. Switches are similar to hubs, only smarter. A hub simply connects all the nodes on the network -- communicatio

                                                                          Hub                                             1.  When referring to a  network , a  hub  is the most basic networking  device  that connects multiple computers or other network devices together. Unlike a network  switch  or  router , a network hub has no routing tables or intelligence on where to send information and  broadcasts  all network data across each connection. Most hubs can detect basic network errors such as collisions, but having all information broadcast to multiple ports can be a security risk and cause bottlenecks. In the past, network hubs were popular because they were cheaper than a switch or router. Today, switches do not cost much more than a hub and are a much better solution for any network. 2.  In general, a hub refers to a hardware device that enables multiple devices or connections to be connected to a computer. Another example besides the one given above is a  USB hub , which

   Simplex Simplex is one direction. A good example would be your keyboard to your CPU. The CPU never needs to send characters to the keyboard but the keyboard always sends characters to the CPU. In many cases,  computers almost always send characters to printers, but printers usually never send characters to computers (there are exceptions, some printers do talk back). Simplex requires only one lane (in the case of serial).                                                                      Half-Duplex                                               Half-Duplex is like the dreaded "one lane" road you may have run into at construction sites. Only one direction will be allowed through at a time. Railroads have to deal with this scenario often since it's cheaper to lay a single track. A dispatcher will hold a train up at one end of the single track until a train going the other direction goes through. The only example I could think of for H

One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is by their scope or scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry refers to nearly every type of design as some kind of  area network . Common types of area networks are:           1. LAN - Local Area Network 2. WAN - Wide Area Network 3. WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network 4.MAN - Metropolitan Area Network 5. SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or                          sometimes Small Area Network 6. CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area                Network 7.PAN - Personal Area Network LAN and WAN are the two primary and best-known categories of area networks, while the others have emerged with technology advances Note that network types differ from  network topologies  (such as bus, ring and star). (See also - Introduction to Network Topologies.) LAN: Local Area Network A LAN connects network devices

         Computer networks can be logically classified as 1) Peer-to-Peer networks and 2) Client-Server networks                            Peer-to-Peer networks A Peer-to-Peer network has no dedicated Servers. Here in Peer-to-Peer network, a number of workstations (or clients) are connected together for the purpose of sharing devices, information or data. All the workstations are considered as equal. Any one computer can act as client or server at any instance. This network is ideal for small networks where there is no need for dedicated servers, like home networks, small business networks, or retail shops. The Microsoft term for Peer-to-Peer network is “Workgroup”. There is no limitation for the number of computers in a peer-to-peer network. But Peer-to-Peer implementations are meant for small networks. Typically a Workgroup contain less than 10 workstations.                             Normal  Workstation Operating Systems  are windows 95/98 (obsolete), Windows M

                           Introduction of Networking Networking has single purpose and that is sharing. So if you have nothing to share, networking has nothing for you. If you anything to share, networking is everything for you. Computer networking is not a new concept. It has been here since the computers used to look like abacuses. At that time networking was used to share abacus answer with others. Over the time abacuses became computers and networking became sophisticated. However the purpose of networking is still same: sharing the information as fast as possible. To achieve this goal networks now use electrical cables, fiber optical cables, and wireless radio signals. A computer network includes at least two computers. Following figure illustrate a simple computer network. A complex network may have thousands of computers connected via different communication links. For example internet that is the largest computer network ever created by mankind. Internet interconn